Saturday, 26 November 2016
TOM JONES AS A PICARESQUE NOVEL
TOM JONES AS PICARESQUE NOVEL from Alpa Ponda
<iframe src="//www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/2DtB0HzFMg00KL" width="595" height="485" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="//www.slideshare.net/AlpaPonda/tom-jones-as-picaresque-novel-69543706" title="TOM JONES AS PICARESQUE NOVEL" target="_blank">TOM JONES AS PICARESQUE NOVEL</a> </strong> from <strong><a target="_blank" href="//www.slideshare.net/AlpaPonda">Alpa Ponda</a></strong> </div>
Tuesday, 22 November 2016
Paper no - 4 Themes of Kanthapura
Name : Ponda Alpa Bharatkumar
Course: MA
Sem: 1
Batch: 2016-2018
Roll No : 4
Enrollment No:2069108420170025
Submitted to: SMT.S.B GARDI DEPT. OF
ENGLISH MKBU
Paper No: 4
Topic : Themes of Kanthapura
THEMES OF
KANTHAPURA
Introduction
Kanthapura by Raja Rao is a novel
written during the time of AAZADI in 1938.while understanding the novel, one
has to refer its background especially political and historical. It was the
time of political movement against Britishers. Kanthapura(1938) is the story of
a village in south India named Kanthapura. The novel is narrated in the form of
a ‘Sthalapurana’ by an old woman of a village.
Themes of
Kanthapura
GANDHIAN
NOVEL
Kanthapura is Gandhian novel. we can
not find Gandhi himself in the novel but his characteristics are there in the
protagonist of the novel, Moorthy.
Moorthy was
taking part in struggle for freedom. He made efforts to unite people as Gandhi
did. Following the footsteps of Gandhi, the government arrested him. Then the
leadership of movement was with in the hands of women of the village. Dandi
March picketing of Boranna’s toddy grove were led by Moorthy after he came back
from prison. Many satyagrahis were arrested and it became the routine for
people.
GANDHI’S THOUGHTS AND ITS IMPACT
Gandhian philosophy is introduced into the novel through
Moorthy. He follows him as he goes for preaching and spreading his practice of Ahimsa and speak the truth. He was also attracted by Gandhi’s idea of making
cotton yarn on the spinning wheel and to wear cloth spun and woven by their
hands. They did not permit the foreign clothes. The villagers were going for
Prabhat pheries (morning outings), They were gathering at the temple.
Practicing of singing Bhajans (hymns). The villagers made their own song for
Gandhi which describes the influence of Gandhi on them.
Example
Our king, he
was born on a wattle-mat,
He’s not the
king of the velvet-bed,
He’s small and
he’s round and
He ‘s bright
and he is sacred,
O, mahatma,
you’re our king
And we are
your slave(203 from text)
FREEDOM
STRUGGLE FOR INDIA
The character of novel , Moorthy,
Achanna, Rachanna etc striving for freedom. The picture of Kanthapura is very well
depicted by its author as it represents the freedom movement in all ways. The
people of village fought against the Britishers non violently.
WHATEVER
HAPPENS AT KANTHAPURA WAS HAPPENING EVERYWHERE IN INDIA.
We can not find any exaggeration in
description of freedom movement as it is repeated what actually happening while
freedom movement in India was going on. The protagonist, Moorthy was sent to a
ail and villagers was waiting for him. K.R.Rao sums up the situation in these
words:
Moorthy ’s
release renews the dedication and
Enthusiasm
of the community. The villagers launch
On the
‘Don’t -touch-the government campaign’
UNACCOUNTABILITY
The village has the structure of castes.
The small village symbolically, describes the situation of India, during the
time of freedom. But it comes good when it’s time to fight against the
Britishers. The novel defines if an upper class person goes to pariahas ’s
house, he had to bathe after returning and if he /she goes there, they would be
out casted from caste.
EPIC TOUCH
OR MYTHOLOGICAL THEME
The novel has the quality of epic. Where
in the characters have huge power and go through the journey. Events of the
plot one illusory: life is symbolic and women of Kanthapura is part of the continuing Ramayana. Gandhi is an Avatar of Rama sent from heaven to rescue Sita
(India) from Britishers (Ravana). But in epics violence is there but in
Kanthapura it is a non violent movement.
BARBARISM
Kanthapura focuses on the barbarism of
the British rulers in dealing with non-violence origination of the freedom
fighters. The government’s response to the non- violent movement of villages is
the use of brutal force targeting even women, old men and children. The police
who becomes the immediate face of the, Britishers, plunder the village after
all men have been arrested and attempts of rape are made.
FOCUSING
UPON FEMALE CONDITION
In Kanthapura, we find many women, the
example is of Rachanna; a widow who refuses to cut her hair, break her bangles,
wear only white and remains indoor. She questions the rules of society that requires her to be a widow
though she has been her supposed husband only once and that too at the age of
ten. She entertains some romantic hopes in her association with Moorthy. Here
the journey is of freedom, not the freedom from Britishers but also the
innermost freedom, the freedom of expressing oneself as it is. As it wants to
express its emotions.
CONCLUSION
Kanthapura is itself the picture of
India. It covers the situation of Indian freedom movement. It has its own
characters who are representing the freedom fighters of India. The writer is
very much influenced by Gandhian thoughts. Kanthapura is a place where the
unity begins for freedom. The main theme of the novel is the freedom struggle.
Paper - 3 Compare definition and characteristics of tragedy (Aristotle) and play (Dryden)
Name : Alpa Ponda
Course: MA
Semester: 1
Batch: 2016-2018
Roll No : 4
Enrollment no : 2069108420170025
Submitted to: SMT.S.B.GARDI DEPT OF
ENGLISH
MKBU
Email ID: alpaponda.7@gmail.com
Paper No :3
COMPARE
DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRAGEDY( ARISTOTLE) AND PLAY (DRYDEN)
Definition
of Tragedy
Aristotle
Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an
action that is a serious, complete and of a certain magnitude; in the language
embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found
in separate parts of the play: in the form of action, not of narrative; though
pity and fear effecting the proper purgation- catharsis of these and similar
emotions.”
ELABORATING
THE DEFINITION
We can distribute the definition of play
by Aristotle in parts. Each separating line of definition has its meaning in
separation. The definition firstly focuses on the representation (imitation) of
life, but life has no perfection, so the playwright has to be selective in
representation. In play, the playwright is representing one’s life’s fragment
piece.
THE WRITER OF TRAGEDY SEEKS TO
IMITATE SERIOUS SIDE OF LIFE.
The play, all is dependent on action. It
has speeches, dialogue, soliloquies. In Aristotle’s tragedy, pity and fear is
more important. At last comes, catharsis. The emotions become free from the
body.
Aristotle describes the components parts
or characteristics which are required to make a tragedy.
1) The spectacle (opsis)
2) Melody/ songs (melos)
3) Diction (lexis)
4) Character (othes)
5) Thought (dianoia)
DRYDEN ’S
DEFINITION OF PLAY
“ A play ought to be a just and lively
image of human nature, representing passion and humors, and the changes of
fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind.”
ELABORATING
THE DEFINITION
In definition, we find a word ‘just’. It
means as itself, the exact and the word comes ‘lively’ means it involves the
‘lively’ nature of person or in which we feel it’s real not a melodramatic
type.
DAVID
DAICHES ’S VIEW ON DEFINITION
The human nature implies that drama or
imaginative literature in general, shows people acting in such a way as to
reveal what they are like.
David Daiches describes ‘lively’ as
interesting anti thesis to dull R. A Scot- James describes ‘lively’ as
‘beautiful and delightful’.
COMPARING
DEFINITION OF ARISTOTLE’S TRAGEDY AND PLAY (DRYDEN)
ARISTOTLE
Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an
action that is a serious, complete and of a certain magnitude; in the language
embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found
in separate parts of the play: in the form of action, not of narrative; though
pity and fear effecting the proper purgation- catharsis of these and similar
emotions.”
DRYDEN ’S
DEFINITION OF PLAY
“ A play ought to be a just and lively
image of human nature, representing passion and humors, and the changes of
fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind.”
COMPARING
DEFINITION
Although Dryden is taking an influence
from Aristotle’s definition of tragedy and makes of his own. How he carried
over the tradition. Dryden used the words ‘Just and Lively’ image, it means the
real life. When the real life is presented in play one must to be involved in
the play then. The catharsis comes which is the last part of Aristotle’s
definition of tragedy.
In Aristotle ’s definition the line,
‘Tragedy, then is an imitation of an action’. Which says that tragedy is an
imitation not an actual so it is copied. Where there in Dryden’ s definition.
The line says ‘just and lively image’ here ‘just’ means exact. As it is real so
the image is in mind but way matters how you use to give it a form of visual to
others. So it becomes natural way.
The last line of Aristotle’s definition,
Though pity and fear effecting the
proper purgation- catharsis of these and similar emotions.”
The last line of Dryden ’s definition,
For the delight and instruction of
mankind.
Both are connected when at the end the
purgation or catharsis happens in mankind there will be delighted in one’s
heart.
COMPARING CHARACTERISTICS
The most important characteristics
Unities of time place and action. Aristotle supports these three unities in his
tragedy but Dryden breaks these unities. He says the life is reality and when
in play we are depicting the reality of life so there are no unity. the life is
free itself. So while describing the liveliness of life we are supposed to
depict the life and its incidents as it is.
RHYME &
BLANK VERSE
Dryden uses rhyme verses in his play. His
most powerful characteristics is that some ancient says, to depict drama in
rhyme it is that the writer tries to be unnatural while he is taking support of
something, huge characteristic ‘rhyming verse’. While we can say, it is not an
unnatural process, but while we say that the tragedy or play should have
comprised seriousness so the writer is
using rhyme or heroic couplet make aware the readers or audience of actions.
And when the both definition agrees with
delight, Dryden uses rhyme verse in his play to delight the audience. Because
listening aspect is also important in play.
Use of rhyming verse is natural process,
there is also an argument but Dryden defenses in this play, Aristotelian
tragedy’s most important characteristics is play should be serious while making
a serious play Dryden believes to make his speech effective and he does it with
using rhymes in his play. Aristotle also says that play should have the ornaments
in its language like figure of speech, witness so Dryden does it with the help
of rhyming verse.
TRAGEDY
VERSUS MIXTURE OF TRAGEDY AND COMEDY
Aristotle emphasizes that tragedy should
be only tragedy. It should not have any other emotions expect tragic emotion. It
describes the misery of life at the end the tragedy should happen. Aristotle is
possessive about the characteristics. He follows traditions. He does not mingle
both expressions or emotions of tragedy and comedy. Dryden breaks these rules
of play, depicts both expression of happiness and tr4agedy in his play. In some
incident the tragedy by Dryden has the element of happiness as the incidents
require it and at the serious point it has tragic effect in its speech, action.
Dryden wants to say that there is no one emotion in our life while we make play
real we have to be true to life as life has different emotions. It does not
walk on only way it has many paths. So characters of Dryden ’s play sometimes
are flourished with happiness and at the serious position they do just with
situation.
Aristotle follows traditions so its
characters are of uppers class or kings or queens but this rule is not followed
by Dryden . Aristotle says while the protagonist is from upper level and
enjoying dignity and the tragedy happens it shows that the protagonist is
thrown away from the up to the bottom and how the destruction of protagonist
happens and the tragedy happens.
But Dryden does not accept this rule of
tragedy he depict normal man or any
protagonist in his play. While we are depicting reality of life through play so
protagonist must be from middle class or lower class. The destruction of these
characters happen
CONCLUSION
The aim of both definition is to delight
the readers. Aristotle firmly follow the tradition of tragedy where as Dryden
has his own rules of play.
The Neo Classical Age
CLICK HERE -TO EVALUATE MY ASSIGNMENT
TO EVALUATE MY ASSIGNMENT
Name : Alpa Ponda
Course: MA
Semester: 1
Batch: 2016-2018
Roll No : 4
Enrollment no : 2069108420170025
Submitted to: SMT.S.B.GARDI DEPT OF
ENGLISH
MKBU
Email ID: alpaponda.7@gmail.com
Topic :The Neo Classical Age
NEO
CLASSICAL AGE
INTRODUCTION
The neo classical age is also called
the Augustan age, age of Jonson and restoration age. It was between 1616 to
1798.
1. RESTORATION PERIOD
2. AUGUSTAN PERIOD
3. AGE OF JOHNSON
Dryden, pope and Johnson were the literary figures of this age.
Neo classical name itself suggests that classics the literature is. But
something new the writer of this age are following classic. Writer means of ancients but with newness.
It also defines that the term ‘classic’ refers in general appliances to
writers of the highest rank in any nations. This term is applicable to the
ancient figure of literature of those greek and Roman writers. The writers who
followed their classical way they were also the classical writer of 18 century.
AUGUSTAN AGE
This age is also called Augustan age. Pope , Addison , swift, Jonson and
burke, the modern parallel to Horace, Virgil, Cicero and other brilliant
writers who made Roman literature famous during the region of emperor Augustus.
THE CHARACTERSTICS OF THIS AGE
In this age, prose occupies the front position. It was the age of social,
political, religious, literary controversies. So the writers found their place
in writing pamphlets, journal and magazines so the readers become more aware of
literature. It increased the numbers of readers. It was the rapid development
of prose. Addison wrote essays. It became popular then Swift’s satire.
The main characteristics of this
period are realism and precision. They had their position in poetry of Pope who
used heroic couplet and Addison developed these characteristics in his prose.
It was the time of development of satire. It was the result of political
controversies. They were different parties who occupied the writers to write
about them to influence the people. The Whigs and the Tories which were
constantly focused to control the government of the country and how the satire
developed in the age.
The most important characteristics of this age is origin and the
development of the novel. Novel itself means the new literary form got succeeded
in a time and in present time also. The masters of novels were Richardson,
Fielding, Smollett, Defoe and others.
While studying the aspects of the literature of this age, we find unity
in all writers regarding to their works. The writers wrote against Puritanism
and the period is marked by the rise of intellectual backless against earlier Puritanism.
THE AGE OF REASON
The classical ideals of moderation which inspired this period. It’s
realistically inspiration it focuses on common sense of society not on individual
imagination or thoughts. The religious belief and morality were grounded on
reason.
A reasons would guide human individual and society. It should also direct
artistic creation. It was not the spontaneous overflow of fading emotions were
controlled unlike the Elizabethan literature.
THE CLUBS AND COFFEE HOUSES
Politicians were necessarily gregarious and increased activity in
politics led to a great addition to number of political clubs and coffee
houses. It became the fashion of public. At the first Steele announced as a
matter of the activities of his new journal will be based upon the clubs.
Entertainment was in the article of White’s chocolate- house; poetry under that
of wills of coffee house.
THE NEW MORALITY
The past age of neo classical age was full of morality. So the next age
means; the neo- classical age was the reaction again extreme Puritanism. The
tone of writing was like satire or freely describing the situation as it is.
This describes the most important characteristics of the age.
MAJOR POETS
Alexander Pope, wrote tolerance verse when he was twelve years old. He
was the son of a London tradesman. By reason of sweeping laws against the
entrance of Catholics into public service, he was shut out from the ordinary
career of parliament, the church.
He wrote one of the most epics ‘ the rape of the lock’. His essays are
also written in verse form.
MATHEW PRIOR
His first work is a parody of Dryden ’s The Hind and the panther, entitled
The Town and Country Mouse 1687. His other works are Alma, The Progress of mind
and Solomon on the vanity of the world.
JOHN GAY (1685-1732)
He is remembered for his fables 1727, which is colloquial, easy. His famous
play is The Bagger ’s Opera. It contains some pretty songs. Gay mirrors the
manners and outward show of his age.
SOCIAL THEMES
Neo classical writers saw themselves, as well as their readers and
characters, above all members of society, social institutions or of religious
were so foolish and corrupted. They did not support and limited the literature
in past.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROSE
Poetry and drama of this age were developed under the French influence.
Stress was not laid upon the originality of the idea but upon the value of the
form. The prose product of the period was at the highest point.
MAJOR PROSE WRITERS OF THIS AGE AS GIVEN BELOW
Jonathan Swift
Joseph Addison
Richard Steele
Deniel Defoe
Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 at Dublin. He was a poor. The life of
Swift was tragedy itself. He is the prominent writer of neo classical age. His famous works are
THE BATTLE OF BOOKS
A TALE OF A TUB
GULLIVER’S TRAVELS
Conclusion
The neo classical age is the reaction of its previous age and the
characteristics of this age influenced by the social and political conditions.
Political movement supported in making of literature. The life was represented
by the writers of this age as it is.
TO EVALUATE MY ASSIGNMENT
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)